11.By understanding meaningful messages or comprehensible input;the formula is i+1.

12.According to the affective filter hypothesis,comprehensible input may not be utilized by second language acquirers if there is a“mental block”that prevents them from fully profiting from it.The affective filter acts as a barrier to acquisition:if the filter is“down”,the input reaches the LAD and becomes acquired competence;if the filter is“up”,the input is blocked and does not reach the LAD.Thus“input is the primary causative variable in SLA,affective variables acting to impel or facilitate the delivery of input to the LAD.”

13.Here are some of the main stages of a lesson:

a.Presentation:The teacher presents new words or structures,gives examples,writes them on the board,etc.

b.Practice:Students practice using words or structures in a controlled way.Practice can be oral or written.

c.Production:Students use language they have learnt to express themselves more freely.Like practice,production can be oral or written.

d.Reading:Students read a text and answer questions or do a simple task.

e.Listening:The teacher reads a text or dialogue while the students listen and answer questions,or the students listen to the tape.

f.Revision:The teacher reviews language learnt in an earlier lesson,to refresh the students’memories,or as a preparation for a new presentation.<0225>

14.The focus of a Grammar-Translation Method is grammar.The process of learning grammar is considered an important means of training mental abilities.The teaching materials are arranged according to the grammatical system.

15.Reading and writing are emphasized because literary language is regarded as superior to spoken language and is therefore the language students should study.This emphasis on reading and writing skills also results from the purpose of learning Latin:to read and translate the classical literature of Latin.