16.A Grammar-Translation teacher usually uses the following techniques to help realize the course objectives:1)Reading,2)Translation,3)Deductive teaching of grammar,4)Analysis and comparison,5)Memorization,6)Reading comprehension questions,and 7)Written work such as fill-in-the-blanks,using new words to make up sentences,and so on.

17.Communicative competence includes:

a)knowledge of the grammar and vocabulary of the language,

b)knowledge of rules of speaking(eg.knowing how to begin and end conversations,knowing what topics may be talked about in different types of speech events,knowing which address forms should be used with different persons one speak to and in different situations),

c)knowing how to use and respond to different types of speech acts,such as requests,apologies,thanks,and invitations,

d)knowing how to use language appropriately.

18.Conversational skills are emphasized,though the teaching of all four skills is considered important.Reading and writing exercises should be based upon what the students have practiced orally first.Pronunciation is paid attention to from the beginning.

19.Language rules are learned inductively through listening and speaking activities.The teacher sets up a few carefully chosen illustrations of a rule and leads the students to discover the relationship of the new elements to others previously learned.Students work out the rule governing those examples.In other words,students have to induce grammatical rules from examples in the text.A language could best be learned by being used actively in the classroom.

20.The direct methodologists view foreign language learning as similar to first language acquisition.The learner should try to establish a direct association between language form s and meanings in the target language.Mother tongue is considered as an interfering factor,rather than a reference.In order to develop the students’ability to communicate in the target language,students should be encouraged to think in the target language.The best method is not to make the learn the rules,but to provide direct practice in speaking and listening through imitation and repetition.The best method to teaching meaning is to make the students listen,look,and say,i.e.using sensory experience.