I. Multiple Choices: (15%)

Directions: In this section, you are given 15 questions, beneath each of which are four choices marked A, B, C, and D. You are to make the best choice either to complete the incomplete statement or to answer the question. One point is given to each correct choice. 

1. ______ is the author of the book Syntactic Structures.

A. Edward Sapir 

B. Noam Chomsky

C. J. R. Firth 

D.M.A.K. Halliday

2. The ultimate goal of learning a foreign language in a Grammar-Translation classroom is to enable the students to ______ its literature.

A. translate and write 

B. read

C. read and write 

D. read and translate

3. ______ can be introduced as a means of consolidation and evaluation in the Direct Method.

A. Reading 

B. Listening

C. Speaking 

D. Writing

4. The Audiolingual Method, the American approach to the teaching of English as a second language, had become Audiolingualism by the ______.

A. mid-1950s 

B. late 1950s

C. mid-1940s 

D. late 1940s

5. The generative-transformational school of linguistics emerged through the influence of ______.

A. Noam Chomsky 

B.J. Piaget

C. D. Ausubel 

D.J.B. Bruner

6. According to Palmer and some other linguists of his time, ______ played one of the most important roles in foreign language learning.

A. grammar 

B. phonetics

C. vocabulary 

D. rhetoric

7. Some linguists thought that all languages ______ and were ruled by a common grammar.

A. originated from one language 

B. started as the same language

C. came from many different languages 

D. borrowed words from one another

8. In Malinowski’s opinion, an utterance has no ______ at all if it is out of the context of situation.

A. form 

B. meaning

C. content 

D. format

9. Which of the following is NOT found in the language teaching methodology Palmer and Hornby worked out?

A. practically workable 

B. theoretically well-graded

C. intellecturally ordered 

D. structurally grammar-based

10. The Audiolingual Method separates language skills into listening, speaking, reading and writing with emphasis on the teaching of ______.

A. listening and speaking after reading and writing

B. listening and reading before speaking and writing

C. listening and writing after speaking and reading

D. listening and speaking before reading and writing

11. ______ is the process by which we modify what we already know to take into account new information.

A. Organization 

B. Accommodation

C. Comprehension 

D. Assimilation

12. According to the Natural Approach, ______ is not absolutely essential for language acquisition.

A. writing 

B. reading 

C. speaking 

D. listening

13. The Natural Approach believes that the teaching of ______ should be delayed until comprehension skills are established.

A. listening 

B. speaking

C. reading 

D. writing

14. ______ refers to the interpretation of individual message elements in terms of their interconnectedness and of how meaning is represented in relationship to the text.

A. Grammatical competence 

B. Sociolinguistic competence

C. Discourse competence 

D. Strategic competence

15. Like Curran, Lozanov also recognized the need to involve the ______ in the learning process.

A. mental activity 

B. code-learning

C. physical response 

D. whole person

II. Filling Blanks: (20%)

Directions: In this section there are 20 statements with 20 blanks. You are to fill in each blank with ONE appropriate word. One point is given to each blank. 

16. In the Grammar-Translation Method, the teaching materials are arranged according to ______ system.

17. In applying the Oral Approach, with the target language as the language of the classroom, translation should be ______.

18. The Total Physical Response method is a language teaching method which attempts to teach language through ______ activities.

19. The ______ i + 1, put forward by Krashen, means input that contains structures slightly above the learner's present level.

20. ______ is particularly interested in the relationship between sentences and the contexts and situations in which they are used.

21. Behaviorism believes that basic learning processes could be described in terms of ______ and responses.

22. In the Direct Method, the target language is used ______ in the language classroom as a means of instruction and communication.

23. The Audiolingual Method, known variously as the ______ Approach and the Structural Approach, influenced the way languages were taught in the US and elsewhere in the world throughout the 1950s.

24. The learning theory of Audiolingualism, an empirically based approach to the study of human behaviour, is ______ psychology.

25. Hymes holds that communicative competence refers to the ______ not only to form grammatically correct sentences but also to know when, where, and to whom to use them.

26. One of the objectives of the Oral Approach was to develop principles of ______ control.

27. J. B. Bruner believes that learning is most effectively achieved when children are encouraged to engage in ______ discovery.

28. Most of the teaching activities in a Grammar-Translation classroom serve the ______ of mastering grammatical rules.

29. According to the Oral Approach, foreign language learning was basically thought of as a ______ of habit-formation.

30. Gattegno anticipates that using the Silent Way would require most teachers to change their perception of their ______.

31. Krashen maintains that acquisition comes about through meaningful ______ in a natural communication setting.

32. Although the teaching of all four language skills is advocated by most Direct Methodologists, ______ communication skills are regarded as basic.

33. In an Audiolingual classroom, a ______ is usually presented and memorized before specific grammar patterns are picked out from it and later become the focus of drill exercises.

34. In practice the Cognitive Approach involves more active use of the students' mental power, which is especially suitable for ______ language learners.

35. Jean Piaget stated that as the child grows up, his capacity of ______ would become more and more developed through different stages.

III Matching: (15%)

Directions: This section consists of three groups of pairs listed in two columns, A and B. You are to match the one marked ①, ②, ③, ④, or ⑤ in Column A with the one marked a, b, c, d, or e in Column B. One point is given to each pair you match correctly. 

36.

A: techniques used in the Audiolingual Method 

① mini-dialogue 

② transformation drill 

③ question-and-answer drill

④ simple substitution drill 

⑤ repetition drill 

B: the purpose

a. to give the students practice in finding and filling in the slots of a sentence

b. to imitate the model accurately and quickly

c. to help students learn to make appropriate responses

d. to give students practice in transformation of patterns

e. to give students practice in asking and answering questions

37.

A: the main feature/view of the Natural Approach 

① Language is best taught when it is being used to transmit message.

② The Natural Approach claims to be able to incorporate any of the techniques of other methods.

③ People acquire a language from what they hear and understand.

④ Students' errors are not corrected unless meaning is affected.

⑤ Class time is devoted primarily to providing input for acquisition.

B: the advantage or disadvantage associated with the feature

a. The techniques are often borrowed from other methods.

b. It emphasizes comprehensible and meaningful input.

c. It emphasizes the process of language acquisition rather than the product.

d. It stresses the importance of understanding.

e. Formal learning of language rules is of little value.

38.

A: teaching method 

① the Grammar-Translation Method 

② the Natural Approach 

③ the Communicative Approach 

④ the Cognitive Approach 

⑤ the Audiolingual Method 

B: theoretical basis

a. the monitor theory

b. the habit-formation theory

c. the discourse theory

d. traditional linguistics

e. the cognitive theory

IV. Questions for Brief Answers: (30%)

Directions: This section has six questions. You are to answer them briefly. Five points are

given to each question. 

39. What is the other term that the Oral Approach is referred to as?

40. What form of language did the traditional linguists give priority to and what did they take as their starting point?

41. Classroom procedures in the Direct Method can be roughly divided into three phases. What are they?

42. Halliday described seven basic functions that language performs. Please write out any five of them.

43. What combination led to the Audiolingual Method widely adopted for teaching foreign languages?

44. What are the main disadvantages of the Cognitive Approach?

V. Questions for Long Answers: (20%)

Directions: The two questions in this section are to be answered on the basis of your own teaching experience as well as the theoretical knowledge you’ve learned. Ten points are given to each question. 

45. Discuss in your own words the four principles of cognitivism formulated by Diller.

46. Discuss in your own words any five characteristics of the Audiolingual Method.