51.Techniques for grouping items of vocabulary fall into three general categories:semantic fields,phonological sets and grammatical sets.Grouping items related by topics,for example,types of fruit,belongs to the semantic fields.

52.Metaphor is a way of talking about one thing in terms of another.It is a device for creating and extending meaning.

53.The relationship between the spoken and written word is identical in English.

54.Semantization means that every new word should be presented in such a way that its meaning becomes clear to the learner.

55.Verbal presentation of new words means that the meaning of a second language word is demonstrated through concrete objects,visual aids,or through mime and acting.

56.An exercise with heterogeneity gives no opportunity for the really advanced students to exercise their capacity.

57.An exercise with heterogeneity can also have a positive effect on learner attitude and motivation.It provides an opportunity for the teacher to give slower or less confident students the approval and encouragement they need.

58.In the“language awareness”exercise,the statement“The baby’s crying”informs about a third person’s whereabouts.

59.In Hammer’s five-step model,the purpose of“elicitation”is to provide the teacher with feed back as to what to do next.

60.The aim of the practice stage is to cause the learners to absorb the structure thoroughly.