I. Careful Reading. (40 points, 2 points for each)

Directions: Read the following passages carefully. Decide on the best answers and thenwrite the corresponding letters on your Answer Sheet.

Passage One

Questions 1 to 5 are based on the following passage.

By 1970, according to a World Wildlife Fund report, only about 4,500 tigerssurvived throughout the world—half of them in India. Mr. Foresters, whofollowed and counted tiger footprints, estimated that in May 1972 only about1,800 tigers existed in India. Project Tiger supported by W. W. F. was immediatelylaunched. Nine tiger reserves were created, with armed guards protecting them.

The project provided opportunities for researchers from India and abroad tostudy tigers in the reserves and gather previously unavailable information abouttheir habits. Studies show that a male tiger may control a hunting territory ofbetween 10 and 20 sq. kilometers, depending on its age, size and strength. Theterritory of a male includes the smaller territories of three or four tigresses. A tigermarks the boundaries of its territory by spraying urine and other bodily liquids onbushes. But it tries to avoid territorial fights, being guided by the distinctive bodysmell of other tigers. Tigers fight to death only when a tigress is defending heryoung baby, or when a tiger is guarding a tigress from the attention of other males.

The popular image of the tiger is that of a merciless and unconquerable hunter.But studies show that it catches only one of 20 victims it tries to attack.

Fears have recently developed that Project Tiger has been too successful. Ithas enabled the tiger population to double (by mid-80s) but India's humanpopulation has also grown out of control. Currently it is 750 million and likely tobe 900 million by the end of the century. Land problem is becoming serious andmany rural people feel bitter about the fact that some rich forests are reserved fortigers. A growing number of attacks by tigers on man have added to the hostility.

1. The ultimate aim of Project Tiger is to ______.

A. protect tigers from being killed

B. study the growth rate of tigers

C. promote the breeding of young tigers

D. analyze the behavioral patterns of tigers

2. Studies have shown that______.

A. a tigress never attacks until attacked

B. the tigress is not as fierce as the tiger

C. the tiger is not an efficient hunter as is commonly described

D. a tiger usually fights another tiger to defend its own territory

3. According to the passage, a tiger's territory ______.

A. remains unchanged B. is often defended by tigresses

C. is the cause of most fights D. expands as the tiger grows up

4. Some people are afraid that Project Tiger ______.

A. has failed to achieve its goal B. has not received enough attention

C. has been carried too far D. is not worth the money spent on it

5. The author seems to______.

A. have a matter-of-fact attitude towards Project Tiger

B. be enthusiastic about Project Tiger

C. have a hostile attitude towards Project Tiger

D. be satisfied with Project Tiger

Passage Two

Questions 6 to 10 are based on the following passage.

Central Park, emerging from a period of abuse and neglect, remains one ofthe most popular attractions in New York City, with half a million out-of-townersamong the more than 3 million people who visit the park yearly. About 15 millionindividual visits are made each year.

Summer is the season for softball, concerts and Shakespeare; fall is sunning;winter is wonderful for sledding, skating and skiing; and springtime is theloveliest of all. It was all planned that way.

About 130 years ago Frederic Olmsted and his collaborator Calvert Vauxsubmitted their landscaping plan for a rectangular parcel two miles north of thetown's center. The barren swamp was reported as “a spot where miasmic (瘴气的)odors pollute every breath of air.' It took 16 years for workers with pickaxe andshovels to move 5 million cubic feet of earth and rock, and to plant half a milliontrees and shrubs, making a tributeto nature—a romantic 19th-century perceptionof nature.

What exists today is essentially Olmsted and Vaux's plan, with more trees,buildings and roads. Landscape architects still speak reverently of Olmsted'sgenius and foresight, and the sensitive visitor can see the effects he sought.

6. The passage is mainly concerned with ______.

A. the lives of Olmsted and Vaux

B. New York City's tourist industry

C. examples of nineteenth-century art in New York City

D. the development of Central Park

7. According to the passage, ______is the prettiest time of a year in Central Park.

A. winter B. spring

C. summer D. fall

8. It can be inferred that the “rectangular parcel' mentioned in the third paragraph is______.

A. the site of Central Park

B. a gift presented to New York

C. a skyscraper in New York

D. the proposed design for Central Park

9. According to the passage, before Olmsted and Vaux began their work, the area now occupied by Central Park was ______.

A. a romantic place B. an infertile, marshy space

C. a green and hilly park D. a baseball field

10. It can be inferred from the passage that today's landscape architects praiseOlmsted for his______.

A. enthusiasm for sport

B. skill at designing factories

C. concern for New York's homeless people

D. foresight in anticipating New York's urbanization

Passage Three

Questions 11 to 15 are based on the following passage.

What does a scientist do when he or she “explains”something? Scientificexplanation comes in two forms: generalization and reduction. Most psychologistsdeal with generalization. They explain particular instances of behavior asexamples of general laws. For instance, most psychologists would explain apathologically (病态的;病理的) strong fear of dogs as an example of classicalconditioning. Presumably, the person was frightened earlier in life by a dog. Anunpleasant stimulus was paired with the sight of the animal (perhaps the personwas knocked down by an irritated dog) and the subsequent sight of dogs evokesthe earlier response—fear.

Most physiologists deal with reduction. Phenomena are explained in terms ofsimpler phenomena. For example, the movement of a muscle is explained in termsof changes in the membrane (膜) of muscle cells, entry of particular chemicals,and interactions between protein molecules (分子) within these cells. A molecularbiologist would “explain”these events in terms of forces that bind variousmolecules together and cause various parts of these molecules to be attracted toone another.

The task of physiological psychology is to “explain”behavior inphysiological terms. Like other scientists, physiological psychologists believe thatall natural phenomena—including human behavior—are subject to the laws ofphysics. Thus, the laws of behavior can be reduced to descriptions ofphysiological processes.

How does one study the physiology of behavior? Physiological psychologistscannot simply be reductionists. It is not enough to observe behaviors and correlatethem with physiological events that occur at the same time. Identical behaviors,under different conditions, may occur for different reasons and thus be initiated bydifferent physiologicalmechanisms. This means that we must understand“psychologically” why a particular behavior occurs before we can understand

what physiological events made it occur.

11. The passage mainly discusses __

A. the difference between “scientific” and “unscientific” explanations

B. the difference between human and animal behavior

C. how fear would be explained by the psychologist, physiologist and molecular

biologist

D. how scientists differ in their approaches to explaining natural phenomena

12. The word “deal” in the first paragraph could best be replaced by ______.

A. study B. bargain

C. are playing D. are concerned

13. Which of the following is most clearly analogous to the example in the passage of the person who fears dogs?

A. A child chokes on a fishbone and as an adolescent is reluctant to eat fish

B. A person feels lonely and after a while buys a dog for companionship.

C. A child studies science in school and later grows up to become a teacher.

D. A person hears that a snowstorm is predicted and in that evening is afraid todrive home.

14. According to the passage, ______is important in explaining a muscle movement.

A. the flow of blood to the muscles

B. classical conditioning

C. protein interaction

D. the entry of unpleasant stimuli through the cell membrane

15. The author implies that ______ is the type of scientific explanation most likelyused by a molecular biologist.

A. experimentation B. reduction

C. interaction D. generalization

Passage Four

Questions 16 to 20 are based on the following passage.

“High tech” and “state of the art” are two expressions that describe verymodern technology. High tech is just a shorter way of saying high technology.And high technology describes any invention, system or device that uses thenewest ideas or discoveries of science and engineering.

What is high tech? A computer is high tech. So is a communications satellite.A modermmanufacturing system is surely high tech.

High tech became a popular expression in the United States during the early1980's. Because of improvements in technology, people could buy many newkinds of products in American stores, such as home computers, microwave ovens,etc.

“State of the art” is something that is as modern as possible. It is a productthat is based on the very latest methods and technology. Something that is “stateof the art” is the newest possible design or product of a business or industry. Astate-of-the-art television set, for example, uses the most modernelectronic designand parts. It is the best that one can buy.

“State of the art” is not a new expression. Engineers have used it for years todescribe the best and most modernway of doing something.

Millions of Americans began to use the expression in the late 1970's. Thereason was the computer revolution.

Every computer company claimed that its computers were “state of the art”.

Computer technology changed so fast that a state-of-the-art computer todaymight be old tomorrow. The expression “state of the art” became as common andpopular as computers themselves. Now all kinds of products are said to be “stateof the art”.

16. The purpose of the passage is to ______.

A. tell how “high tech” and “state of the art” have developed

B. give examples of high tech

C. tell what “high tech” and “state of the art” are

D. describe very moderntechnology

17. It can be inferred from the passage that ______.

A. American stores could provide new kinds of products to the people

B. high tech describes a technology that is not traditional

C. “state of the art” is not as popular as “high tech”

D. a wooden plough pulled by oxen is “state of the art”

18. All the following examples are high tech EXCEPT ______.

A. a microwave oven B. a home computer

C. a hand pump D. a satellite

19. Which of the following statements is NOT true?

A. Since the computer revolution, the expression “state of the art” has become popular.

B. “State of the art” means something that is the best one can buy.

C. With the rapid development of computer technology, a state-of-the-art computer may easily become out of date.

D. All kinds of products are “state of the art” nowadays.

20. The best title for the passage is ______.

A. Computer Technology B. High Tech and State of the Art

C. Most Advanced Technology D. Two New Expressions

II. Speed Reading. (10 points, 1 point for each)

Directions: Skim or scan the following passages. Decide on the best answers and then writethe corresponding letters on your Answer Sheet.

Passage Five

Questions 21-25 are based on the following passage.

In the United States, it is important to be on time, or punctual, for anappointment, a class, a meeting, etc. This may not be true in all countries, however.An American professor discovered this difference while teaching a class in aBrazilian university. The two-hour class was scheduled to begin at 10 A.M.. Onthe first day, when the professor arrived on time, no one was in the classroom.Many students came after 10 A. M.. Several arrived after 10:30 A. M.. Twostudents came after 11 A. M.. Although all the students greeted the professor asthey arrived, few apologized for their lateness. Were these students being rude?He decided to study the students' behavior.

The professor talked to American and Brazilian students about lateness inboth an informal and a formal situation: lunch with a friend, and a university class.He gave them an example and asked them how they would react. If they had alunch appointment with a friend, the average American students thought oflateness as 19 minutes after the agreed time. On the other hand, the averageBrazilian students felt the friend was late after 33 minutes.

In an American university, students are expected to arrive at the appointedhour. However, in Brazil, neither the teacher nor the students always arrive at theappointed hour. Classes not only begin at the scheduled time in the United States,but they also end at the scheduled time. In the Brazilian class, only a few studentsleft the class at noon; many remained past 12:30 to discuss the class and ask morequestions. While arriving late may not be very important in Brazil, neither is

staying late.

The explanation for these differences is complicated. People from Brazilianand North American cultures have different feelings about lateness. In Brazil, thestudents believe that a person who usually arrives late is probably more successfulthan a person who is always on time. If a Brazilian is late for an appointment witha North American, the American may misunderstand the reason for the latenessand become angry.

As a result of his study, the professor learned that the Brazilian students werenot being disrespectful to him. Instead they were simply behaving the natural wayfor a Brazilian student in Brazil. Later, the professor was able to change his ownbehavior to feel comfortable in the new culture.

21. The word “punctual” in the first paragraph means ______in the passage.

A. to be respectful B. to be disrespectful

C. to be on time D. to be late

22. In Brazil if they have a lunch appointment with a friend, the average Brazilianstudents will think of lateness as______.

A. 19 minutes after the agreed time B. 33 minutes after the agreed time

C. after 12:30 D. after 11 A. M.

23. In the Brazilian class, ______didn't leave the class at noon, but remained to discuss the class and ask more questions.

A. only a few students B. many students

C. more important students D. more successful students

24. In Brazil, the students believe that ______.

A. a person who usually arrives early is probably more successful than a person who is always on time

B. a person who usually arrives on time is probably more successful than a person who is always early

C. a person who usually arrives on time is probably more successful than a person who is always late

D. a person who usually arrives late is probably more successful than a person who is always on time

25. We can infer from the passage that the professor felt comfortable in Brazilafter a period of time because he probably ______.

A. made his students come to class on time

B. gave up his job and enjoyed his stay there

C. also went to class late

D. criticized the students whenever they were late

Passage Six

Questions 26-30 are based on the following passage.

There are several places in the world that are famous for people who live avery long time. These places are usually in mountainous areas, far away frommoderncities. Doctors, scientists and public health experts often travel to theseregions to solve the mystery of a long, healthy life. The experts hope to bring tothe modernworld the secrets of longevity.

Hunza is high in the Himalayan Mountains of Asia. There, many people overone hundred years of age are still in good physical health. Men of ninety are newfathers, and women of fifty still have babies.

People in the Caucasus Mountains are also famous for their longevity. In thisarea, there are amazing examples of very long-lived people. Although birthrecords are not usually available, a woman called Tsurba probably lived until age160; a man called Shirali may have lived until age 168. His widow was 120 yearsold. In general, the people not only live a long time, but they also live well. Theyare almost never sick, and when they die, they have not only their own teeth butalso a full head of hair and good eyesight.

Vilcabamba, Ecuador, is another area famous for the longevity of its people.This region—like Hunza and the Caucasus—is also in high mountains, far awayfrom cities. In Vilcabamba, too, there is very little serious disease. One reason forthe good health of the people might be the clean, beautiful environment. Thetemperature is about 70° Fahrenheit all year long; the wind always comes fromthe same direction; and the region is rich in flowers, fruit, vegetables and wildlife.

In some ways, the diets of the people in the three regions are quite different.Hunzukuts eat mainly raw vegetables, fruit and chapattis—a kind of pancake; theyeat meat only a few times a year. The Caucasian diet consists mainly of milk,cheese, vegetables, fruit and meat; most people there drink the local red wine daily.In Vilcabamba, people eat a small amount of meat each week, but the diet consistslargely of grain, corn, beans, potatoes and fruit.

Experts found one surprising fact in the mountains of Ecuador: most peoplethere, even the very old, drink a lot of coffee, large amounts of alcohol, and smokeforty to sixty cigarettes daily!

However, the diets are similar in two general ways: (1) the fruits andvegetables that the people of the three areas eat are all natural; that is, they containno chemicals; and (2) the people take in fewer calories than people do in otherparts of the world. A typical North American takes in an average of 3,300 caloriesevery day; a typical inhabitant of these mountainous areas, between 1,700 and2,000 calories.

Inhabitants in the three regions have more in common than calories, naturalfood, their mountains and their distance from modern cities. Because these peoplelive in the countryside and are mostly farmers, their lives are physically hard.Thus, they do not need to go to health clubs because they get a lot of exercises intheir daily work. In addition, although their lives are hard, the people do not seemto have the worries of city people. Their lives are quiet. So, some experts believethat physical exercise and freedom from worry “might be the two most importantsecrets of longevity.

26. According to the writer, experts travel to the areas where people live a long time to______.

A. find the secret medicine of longevity

B. buy the secret medicine of longevity

C. find out the reasons for longevity

D. live a long life themselves

27. The three mountainous areas the writer mentioned in this passage are ______.

A. Hunza, Himalayan Mountains and Asia

B. Hunza, Caucasus Mountains and Vilcabamba

C. Hunza, Caucasus Mountains and Asia

D. Hunza, Himalayan Mountains and Vilcabamba

28. According to the writer, people in the Caucasus Mountains not only live a long life, but also______.

A. enjoy good health B. are good-looking

C. do a lot of reading D. eat a lot of sweets

29. It can be inferred from the passage that smoking heavily ______.

A. seriously affects people’s health

B. does not affect people’s health at all

C. may not affect people’s health

D. may affect people’s health

30. According to the passage, we should ______in order to live a long life.

A. never eat meat B. live a care-free life

C. not drink too much coffee D. eat raw vegetables

III. Discourse Cloze. (10 points, 1 point for each)

Directions: The following passage is taken from the textbook. Read the passage and fill inthe numbered spaces (there are more suggested answers than necessary). Write youranswers on the Answer Sheet.

To avoid the various foolish opinions to which mankind are prone, nosuperhuman genius is required. 31. ______.

32. ______. Aristotle could have avoided the mistake of thinking that womenhave fewer teeth than men, by the simple device of asking Mrs. Aristotle to keepher mouth open while he counted. 33. ______.Thinking that you know when in factyou don’t is a fatal mistake, to which we are all prone. I believe myself thathedgehogs eat black beetles, because I have been told that they do; but if I werewriting a book on the habits of hedgehogs, 34. ______.Aristotle, however, was lesscautious. Ancient and medieval authors knew all about unicorns and salamanders;not one of them thought it necessary to avoid dogmatic statements about thembecause he had never seen one of them.

Many matters, however, are less easily brought to the test of experience. If,like most of mankind, you have passionate convictions on many such matters,there are ways in which you can make yourself aware of your own bias. 35. ______. If some one maintains that two and two are five, or that Iceland is on the equator,you feel pity rather than anger, unless you know so little of arithmetic orgeography that his opinion shakes your own contrary conviction. The most savage

controversies are those about matters as to which there is no good evidence eitherway. Persecution is used in theology, not in arithmetic, 36. ______.So whenever youfind yourself getting angry about a difference of opinion, be on your guard; youwill probably find, on examination, that your belief is going beyond what theevidence warrants.

37. ______.When I was young, I lived much outside my own country—inFrance, Germany, Italy, and the United States. I found this very profitable indiminishing the intensity of insular prejudice. If you cannot travel, seek out peoplewith whom you disagree, and read a newspaper belonging to a party that is notyours. 38. ______,perverse, and wicked, remind yourself that you seem so to them.In this opinion both parties may be right, but they cannot both be wrong. Thisreflection should generate a certain caution.

39. ______. This has one advantage, and only one, as compared with actualconversation with opponents; this one advantage is that the method is not subjectto the same limitations of time or space. Mahatma Gandhi deplores railways andsteamboats and machinery; he would like to undo the whole of the industrialrevolution. 40. ______, because in Western countries most people take the advantageof moderntechnique for granted. But if you want to make sure that you are rightin agreeing with the prevailing opinion, you will find it a good plan to test thearguments that occur to you by considering what Gandhi might say in refutationof them. I have sometimes been led actually to change my mind as a result of thiskind of imaginary dialogue, and, short of this, I have frequently found myselfgrowing less dogmatic and cocksure through realizing the possible reasonablenessof a hypothetical opponent.

(FromHow to Avoid the Foolish Opinions)

A. You may never have an opportunity of actually meeting any one who holds this opinion

B. Be very wary of opinions that flatter your self-esteem

C.If an opinion contrary to your own makes you angry, that is a sign that you aresubconsciously aware of having no good reason for thinking as you do

D. He did not do so because he thought he knew

E. For those who have enough psychological imagination, it is a good plan toimagine an argument with a person having a different bias

F. If you are a man, you can point out that most poets and men of science aremale; if you are a woman, you can retort that so are most criminals

G. A few simple rules will keep you, not from all error, but from silly error

H. I should not commit myself until I had seen one enjoying this unappetizing diet

I. A good way of riding yourself of certain kinds of dogmatism is to become aware of opinions held in social circles different from your own

J. because in arithmetic there is knowledge, but in theology there is only opinion

K. If the people and the newspaper seem mad

L. If the matter is one that can be settled by observation, make the observation yourself

IV. Word Formations. (10 points, 1 point for each)

Directions: Complete each of the following sentences with the proper form of the word in

the brackets. Write your answers on the Answer Sheet.

41. (confuse) The old man looked in ______at his new surroundings, after hegot off the bus.

42.(reject) He keeps applying for jobs but constant ______havediscouraged him.

43. (predict) With the development of science and technology, such naturaldisasters as earthquake and hurricane are not ______.

44. (immense) The revival of the railroad service will be ______beneficial for the speedy movement of passengers and cargo.

45. (accord) The mayor must make policies in ______with the bill passed in theCongress.

46. (pursue) The whole magazine is produced and edited in the ______of excellence.

47. (destroy) Those anticancer drugs are effective, but also ______to white blood cells.

48. (hesitate) The employee has no slightest ______in rejecting hisemployer's unreasonable demand.

49. (certain) Some economic experts are ______whether the world economy in 2009 will become better or continue to decline.

50. (confident) Nobody can answer that question with complete ______at this stage.

V. Gap Filling. (10 points, 1 point for each)

Directions: The following passage is taken from the textbook. Fill in the numbered gapswith the correct form of the words or phrases in the box (there are more words thannecessary). Write your answers on the Answer Sheet.

English is now the international language for airline pilots, scientists,medical experts, businessmen and many others. 51. ______, more and more peopleare learning it. The BBC's English teaching programmes are broadcast daily tofour continents and supplied to radio stations in 120 countries. Films and videoare on the air or used in institutions in over 100 countries. All this helps to addmore speakers to the estimated 100 million who use English as a second language.The 52. ______to learn English has reached even China. The main reason for theupsurge in interest is recent increase in China’s contacts with the outside world.

Unlike many other widely used languages, English can be correctly used in avery simple form with less than one thousand words and very few grammaticalrules. This was pointed out in the 1920's by two Cambridge scholars, Ogden andRichards, who 53. ______a system called “Basic English”. Another reason for thepopularity of English is that English-speaking countries are spread throughout theworld. An 54. ______310 million people in Britain, the U.S.A., Canada, Australia,South Africa, etc. use English as their mother tongue. Also in former Britishcolonial areas in Africa and Asia where many local languages are spoken, no 55. ______ language has been found which would make a suitable substitute for English.

In Delhi, although nationalists would prefer to phase out the use of English,the man from South India finds English more 56. ______than Hindi, while thenortherner 57. ______English to any of the southern languages. Tuming from Indiato Africa, a similar problem exists. However reluctant African nations are to useEnglish and, as it were, subject themselves to a kind of “cultural imperialism”,there seems to be no alternative language which will do the job of 58. ______ effectively.

The view 59. ______spreading the use of English is entirely beneficial has itsopponents. Some teachers who have returned from overseas consider it creates awider gap between those who are educated and those who have little or noeducation. Nevertheless, in many parts of the world, the technical and scientificknowledgeneeded to develop a country’s resources and improve people’s livingconditions, is just not available in the mother tongue. A second language opens thedoor to the worldwide sharing of skills and 60. ______in science, engineering andmedicine.

(FromEnglish World-Wide)

VI. Short Answer Questions. (10 points, 5 points for each)

Directions: The following 2 questions are based on Passage Four in this test paper. Readthe passage carefully again and answer the questions briefly by referring back to PassageFour. Write your answers on the Answer Sheet.

61. What is high tech?

62. When did the expression “state of the art” become popular in the US? Why?

VII. Translation. (10 points, 2 points for each)

Directions: The following excerpt is taken from the textbook. Read the paragraphs carefully

and translate into Chinese each of the numbered and underlined parts.

She dressed plainly because she could not dress well, but her unhappinessseemed to be deeper than one might expect. 63. She seemed to feel that she hadfallen from her proper station in life as a woman of wealth, beauty, grace, andcharm.She valued these above all else in life, yet she could not attain them.64. She cared nothing for caste or rank but only for a natural fineness, an instinctfor what is elegant, and a suppleness of wit.These would have made her the equalof the greatest ladies of the land. If only she could attain them...

She suffered, feeling born for all the delicacies and all the luxuries. 65. Shesuffered from the poverty of her dwelling, from the wretched look of the walls,from the worn-out chairs, from the ugliness of the curtains.66. All those things, ofwhich another woman of her rank would never even have been conscious, torturedher and made her angry.67. The sight of the little Breton peasant who did herhumble housework aroused in her despairing regrets and distracted dreams.Shethought of silent antechambers hung with Oriental tapestry, lit by tall bronzecandelabra, and of two great footmen in knee breaches sleeping in big armchairs,made drowsy by the heavy warmth of the hot-air stove. She thought of long salonsfitted up with ancient silk, of delicate furniture carrying priceless curiosities, andof coquettish perfumed boudoirs made for talks at five o’clock with intimatefriends, with men famous and sought after, whom all women envy and whoseattention they all desire.

(From The Necklace)